Are strings mutable in Ruby?

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Yes, << mutates the same object, and + creates a new one. Demonstration:

irb(main):011:0> str = "hello"
=> "hello"
irb(main):012:0> str.object_id
=> 22269036
irb(main):013:0> str << " world"
=> "hello world"
irb(main):014:0> str.object_id
=> 22269036
irb(main):015:0> str = str + " world"
=> "hello world world"
irb(main):016:0> str.object_id
=> 21462360
irb(main):017:0>

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