URI starting with two slashes … how do they behave?

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The resource you’re looking for is the RFC 3986.

See Section 4.2 and Section 5.4. Quoting from the latter:

Reference Resolution Examples

Within a representation with a well defined base URI of:

    http://a/b/c/d;p?q

a relative reference is transformed to its target URI as follows:

  "g:h"           =  "g:h"
  "g"             =  "http://a/b/c/g"
  "./g"           =  "http://a/b/c/g"
  "g/"            =  "http://a/b/c/g/"
  "/g"            =  "http://a/g"
  "//g"           =  "http://g"
  "?y"            =  "http://a/b/c/d;p?y"
  "g?y"           =  "http://a/b/c/g?y"
  "#s"            =  "http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s"
  "g#s"           =  "http://a/b/c/g#s"
  "g?y#s"         =  "http://a/b/c/g?y#s"
  ";x"            =  "http://a/b/c/;x"
  "g;x"           =  "http://a/b/c/g;x"
  "g;x?y#s"       =  "http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s"
  ""              =  "http://a/b/c/d;p?q"
  "."             =  "http://a/b/c/"
  "./"            =  "http://a/b/c/"
  ".."            =  "http://a/b/"
  "../"           =  "http://a/b/"
  "../g"          =  "http://a/b/g"
  "../.."         =  "http://a/"
  "../../"        =  "http://a/"
  "../../g"       =  "http://a/g"

This means that when the base URI is http://a/b/c/d;p?q and you use //g, the relative reference is transformed to http://g.

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