The golden rule for writing this line is while ((ch = fgetc(stdin)) != EOF) ch should be int .Your cute trick of making ch unsigned fails because EOF is a signed int quantity. Ok, let’s now go into the depth…… Step 1: ch=fgetc(fp) fgetc() returns -1 (a signed int). By the golden rules of C … Read more
If it exists, uint8_t must always have the same width as unsigned char. However, it need not be the same type; it may be a distinct extended integer type. It also need not have the same representation as unsigned char; for instance, the bits could be interpreted in the opposite order. This is a silly … Read more
Use: cout << “a is ” << hex << (int) a <<“; b is ” << hex << (int) b << endl; And if you want padding with leading zeros then: #include <iomanip> … cout << “a is ” << setw(2) << setfill(‘0’) << hex << (int) a ; As we are using C-style casts, … Read more
cout << a is printing a value which appears to be garbage to you. It is not garbage actually. It is just a non-printable ASCII character which is getting printed anyway. Note that ASCII character corresponding to 1 is non-printable. You can check whether a is printable or not using, std::isprint as: std::cout << std::isprint(a) … Read more