Most answers here focus on OOP but encapsulation begins much earlier: Every function is an encapsulation; in pseudocode: point x = { 1, 4 } point y = { 23, 42 } numeric d = distance(x, y) Here, distance encapsulates the calculation of the (Euclidean) distance between two points in a plane: it hides implementation … Read more
You can create a new struct similar to the Ref<‘a,T> guard returned by RefCell::borrow(), in order to wrap this Ref and avoid having it going out of scope, like this: use std::cell::Ref; struct FooGuard<‘a> { guard: Ref<‘a, MutableInterior>, } then, you can implement the Deref trait for it, so that it can be used as … Read more
Firstly (IMO) don’t listen to people who say friend is not useful. It IS useful. In many situations you will have objects with data or functionality that are not intended to be publicly available. This is particularly true of large codebases with many authors who may only be superficially familiar with different areas. There ARE … Read more
The name scrambling is used to ensure that subclasses don’t accidentally override the private methods and attributes of their superclasses. It’s not designed to prevent deliberate access from outside. For example: >>> class Foo(object): … def __init__(self): … self.__baz = 42 … def foo(self): … print self.__baz … >>> class Bar(Foo): … def __init__(self): … … Read more
class A { public: int x; protected: int y; private: int z; }; class B : public A { // x is public // y is protected // z is not accessible from B }; class C : protected A { // x is protected // y is protected // z is not accessible from … Read more