Returning method object from inside block

You can’t. Embrace the fact that what you’re trying to do is asynchronous and add a completion block parameter to your getMyData method which is called when the inner completion handler is called. (And remove the return from the method signature):

- (void)getMyDataWithCompletion:(void(^)(NSData *data))completion {
    MyUIDocument *doc = [[MyUIDocument alloc] initWithFileURL:fileURL];
    [doc openWithCompletionHandler:^(BOOL success) {
        completion((success ? doc.myResponseData : nil));
    }];
}

The same problem exists in swift and you can add a similar completion block:

func getMyData(completion: ((data: NSData?) -> Void) {
    data = ...
    completion(data)
}