The aliases you give are for the output of the query – they are not available within the query itself.
You can either repeat the expression:
SELECT neededfield, CONCAT(firstname, ' ', lastname) as firstlast
FROM users
WHERE CONCAT(firstname, ' ', lastname) = "Bob Michael Jones"
or wrap the query
SELECT * FROM (
SELECT neededfield, CONCAT(firstname, ' ', lastname) as firstlast
FROM users) base
WHERE firstLast = "Bob Michael Jones"